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Calculate slope, gradient, angle, linear function, and Euclidean distance between two cartesian coordinates.

Determine major friction losses in pressurized pipe systems based on pipe roughness and Reynolds number.

Calculate the minimum distance required for a vehicle to stop safely based on speed and grade.

Estimate peak stormwater runoff rates for small urban watersheds using rainfall intensity and area.

Compute radius, tangent length, chord length, and external distance for highway alignments.

Analyze vehicle arrival probabilities and headway distributions for traffic engineering studies.